jueves, 21 de febrero de 2008

Siglo XIX



El Siglo XIX , es un año fuerte para el feminismo, ya que en Francia se comenzaba a desarrollar el movimiento y se empezaba a plantear temas como la libertad sexual o el control de la natalidad. Dicho siglo es considerado como la fecha donde nació el movimiento feminista, ya que con la industrialización , las ideas del romanticismo y las condiciones laborales la gente comenzó a percibir que la mujer era oprimida en una sociedad machista y que contaba con menos derechos y más obligaciones que los hombres.

En Castilla el movimiento social tuvo una menor envergadura que en el resto del continente ya que había una sociedad arcaica , agrícola , donde había una fuerte dominación del hombre sobre la mujer y una fortísima influencia que tenía el ejército y la iglesia Católica sobre la sociedad, los cuales siempre han discriminado a la misma como ser inferior al hombre, por lo que el movimiento fue algo minoritario y siempre estuvo más centrado en reivindicaciones de tipo social , como el derecho a la educación o el derecho al trabajo, que en demandas de igualdad política, y nunca adoptó la acción directa de la violencia como estrategia de combate ni alcanzó un grado destacado de militancia.

El sistema de dominación era muy jerárquico y actuaba en dos niveles durante esta fecha , uno mediante la opresión del estado machista y otra a través de la opresión que hacia la sociedad sobre la mujer.

La opresión estatal sobre la mujer se basaba en normas como el Código Civil (1889) o el Penal 1870 o el del comercio 1885.


Código de Comercio.
En la cual se pueden ver que la mujer casada no podía tener ninguna autonomía personal o laboral ya que siempre debería hacer lo que le marcaba su marido y nunca podía ser dueña de sus ingresos económicos que generaba su propio trabajo.

Código Civil
Así, el artículo 57 establece que "el marido debe proteger a la mujer, y ésta obedecer al marido"; el 58 que "la mujer está obligada a seguir a su marido dondequiera que fije su residencia"; el 59 que el marido era el administrador de los bienes del matrimonio y el 60 que el marido era también el representante de la mujer y ésta no podía, sin su presencia, comparecer a juicio. Si comparamos esta situación con los logros que poco a poco se iban obteniendo en Inglaterra, Francia o los Estados Unidos, la desigualdad jurídica de la mujer en el Estado español, en el último tercio del siglo XIX, es aún mucho más evidente.

El Código penal
Establecía que si el marido asesinaba o agredía a la esposa adúltera o al amante de ésta al ser sorprendidos , sólo sería castigado con el destierro durante un corto espacio de tiempo, pero en cambio las mujeres en la misma situación era condenadas a prisión perpetua.

Luego en el matrimonio la mujer tenía la obligación de obedecer al marido . La falta de obediencia por parte de la esposa podía ser castigada por la autoridad, al igual que las desavenencias y los escándalos en los matrimonios. En cambio, el marido para llegar a ser castigado por la autoridad debía maltratarla .


La opresión social del dominio de genero

Había distintas opresiones sociales sobre las mujeres , las más características eran

1º La sociedad no aceptaba a mujeres solteras y eso que eran mayoría ,a casadas o a viudas ,y ser mujer y soltera era un gran condicionante porque la sociedad lo veía como un problema, ya que la mujer solamente podía ser esposa y madre ya que se basaban en la idea de la “domesticidad de la mujer” y en “cuidadora de hijos” que establecía los principales arquetipos femeninos de “ángel del hogar” .
2º Otra discriminación social era que la mayoría de la sociedad pensaba que la mujer era claramente inferior al hombre dada su naturaleza, es decir , la mujer les sugería mas bien una idea de debilidad y por ello ya no es considerada en ningún aspecto igual que el hombre. Por ejemplo, en cuanto a la educación que se las enseñaba con miras al mantenimiento del hogar , el cuidado de los hijos y la atención de sus esposos. , aunque era un tema bastante discutido en la sociedad que llega a ser recogido incluso por filósofos, médicos y moralistas para su estudio. Y había científicos que pensaban que las mujeres eran seres racionales pero que aun así no deberían realizar trabajos que les impidiera dedicarse en mayor medida a su familia.



3º Otra forma de la discriminación eran los refranes en lengua castellana que había y que hay actualmente , algunos ejemplos recogidos en esta fecha por el diccionario de la lengua de ese siglo serían:


-A la mujer brava dale la soga larga.
-A la mujer casada el marido le basta.
-A la mujer y a la viña el hombre la hace garrida.
-La mujer algarera nunca hace larga tela.
-La mujer artera el marido por la delantera.
-La mujer casada en el monte es albergada.

-La mujer del ciego, ¿para quién se afeita?

-La mujer honrada la pierna quebrada y en casa.

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